Vortex-line condensation in three dimensions: A physical mechanism for bosonic topological insulators

Bosonic topological insulators (BTI) in three dimensions are symmetry-protected topological phases (SPT) protected by time-reversal and boson number conservation {symmetries}. BTI in three dimensions were first proposed and classified by the group cohomology theory which suggests two distinct root states, each carrying a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ index. Soon after, surface anomalous topological orders were proposed to identify different root states of BTI, which even leads to a new BTI root state beyond the group cohomology classification. In this paper, we propose a universal physical mechanism via \textit{vortex-line condensation} {from} a 3d superfluid to achieve all {three} root states. It naturally produces bulk topological quantum field theory (TQFT) description for each root state. Topologically ordered states on the surface are \textit{rigorously} derived by placing TQFT on an open manifold, which allows us to explicitly demonstrate the bulk-boundary correspondence. Finally, we generalize the mechanism to $Z_N$ symmetries and discuss potential SPT phases beyond the group cohomology classification.Comment: ReVTeX 4.1 (published version

Conformal Ricci flow on asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds

In this article we study the short-time existence of conformal Ricci flow on asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds. We also prove a local Shi's type curvature derivative estimate for conformal Ricci flow.Comment: 19 pages. No figur